| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Old Order | France's social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him |
| King Louis XVI | ruler during early years of the French Revolution |
| Marie- Antoinette | Austrian wife of King Louis XVI, serving as queen during his reign |
| First Estate | small, privileged class made up of Roman Catholic clergy in France |
| Second Estate | the class in France that was made up of the nobility |
| Third Estate | the class of 97% of France, made up of the bourigeoisie, artisans, merchants, and peasants |
| bourgeoisie | city- dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals |
| sansculottes | "without knee breeches"; a nickname for workers of the Third Estate |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | document written by the National Assembly advocating equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religon |
| radicals | people favoring extreme change |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Mountain member and leader of the National Convention |
| guillotine | an execution device that drops a sharp, heavy blade through the victim's neck |
| counterrevolution | a revolution against a government establishing by a revolution |
| Reign of Terror | series of accusations, arrests and executions started by the Mountain |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | ambitious military leader who became emperor of France |
| Admiral Horatio Nelson | British naval commander who won the Battle of the Nile |
| coup d' etat | a force transfer of power |
| plebiscite | a question put before all voters |
| Continental System | a blockade that stopped French and allied ships from trading with Great Britain to prevent that nation from funding the rebellion against Napoleon |
| nationalism | a sense of identity and unity as a people |
| Czar Alexander I | Russian ruler during Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia |
| Hundred Days | brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon |
| Duke of Wellington | head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo |
| indmnity | payment to other countries to compensate for damages caused during war |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French diplomat who attened the Congress of Vienna on behalf of King Louis XVIII and helped ensure fairness as the new map was drawn |
| Prince Klemens von Metternich | Austrian prince who strongly influenced policy decision- making at the Congress of Vienna |
| Reactionary | opposing progress in hopes of conditions returning to those of earlier times |